The active and the passive sentences

The active and the passive sentences
( Câu chủ động – câu bị động)
A. Definition: ( Định nghĩa)
1/ The Active form: ( Thể chủ động ) là dạng câu mà chủ từ của câu là người / vật thực hiện hành động – gây ra tác động lên người hoặc vật khác.
Ex: 	 - Ann writes a letter
	 - Some farmers are working in the rice field. 
2/ The passive form: ( Câu bị động) là dạng câu mà chử từ của câu nhận tác động của người hoặc vật khác – chịu tác động bởi người hoặc vật khác lên nó.
Ex: 	- John is punished by his father.
	- I was followed by an old man
Lưu ý: Sử dụng câu bị động, khi chúng ta quan tâm nhiều đến hành động được thực hiện như thế nào mà không chú ý đến tác nhân gây ra hành động đó.
Ex:	- Rice is produced in Vietnam.
B. Quy tắc chuyển từ một câu chủ động sang câu bị động
Muốn chuyển từ một câu chủ động sang câu bị động, ta thực hiện các bước sau:
Active: S + VA + O
Passive: S + Be VPII + By O (tác nhân/ người làm)
	 V-ed
Form: Be + V Past Participle / PII
	 V cột3 (ĐTBQT)
B1: Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
B2: Nếu cố trợ động từ trong câu chủ động, đặt trợ động từ ấy ngay sau chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
B3: Chia động từ “To be” theo thì và trợ động từ của câu chủ động. Câu củ động chia ở thì nào thì động từ “to be” trong câo bị động chia ở thì đấy.
B4: Đặt động từ chính của câu chủ động ở dạng V PII (Động từ chia ở phân từ 2).
B5: Chuyển chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành dạng “by O” sau động từ chính trong câu. ( có thể bỏ “by O” nếu nó không quan trọng hoặc được hiểu ngầm)
C. Cấu trúc của câu bị động chia theo thì và trợ động từ:
1. Simple present tense. (thì hiện tại đơn)
	 S + is/ am / are + V p2 
Ex: 	 	 A: Ann writes a letter.
	 P: A letter is written by Ann
2. Present continuous tense: ( Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
 	 S + is/ am / are + being + V p2 
 Ex: A: Ann is writing a letter.
	 P: A letter is being written by Ann 
3. Simple past tense: ( Thì quá khứ đơn)
	 S + were/ was + Vp2 
Ex:
	A: Ann wrote a letter.
	P: A letter was written by Ann 
4. Past continuous tense: ( Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
	 S + were/ was + being + Vp2
Ex:
	A: Ann was writing a letter.
	P: A letter was being written by Ann.
5. Present perfect tense: ( Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
	 I/ We/ You/ They + have + been + Vp2
 He/ she/ it + has 
Ex: 
	A:	Ann has written a letter.
	P:	A letter has been written by Ann.
6. Past perfect tense: ( Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
	S + had + been + Vp2
Ex: 	A: 	Ann had written a letter.
	P: 	A letter had been written by Ann.
7. Simple future tense: ( Thì tương lai đơn)
	I/ We 	 + will/ shall + be + Vp2
	He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will	
Ex;	
	A: 	Ann will write a letter.
	P: A letter will be written by Ann.
8. Future of intention: ( Thì tương lai có dự định)
 S + is/ am/ are + going to + be + Vp2
Ex;
	A:	Ann is going to write a letter.
	P: A letter is going to be written by Ann.
9. Future perfect tense: (Thì tương lai hoàn thành)
	I/ We 	 + will/ shall + have + been + Vp2
	He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will	
Ex:
	A:	Ann will have written a letter.
	P: 	A letter will have been written by Ann.
10. Modal verbs: ( trợ động từ/ động từ khuyết thiếu)
Can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ would/ could/ might...
 	 S + modal verbs + be + Vp2
Ex:	A: You can see him now.
	P: He can be seen (by you) now.
Lưu ý: 
- Ta có thể bỏ by me/ by him/ by her/ by it/ by us/ by you/ by them/ by some one/ by somebody/ by people trong câu bị động.
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ chỉ nôi chốn thì ta đặt trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trước by O.
Ex: The police found him in the forest.
	He was found in the forest by the police.
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thì ta đặt trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian sau by O.
Ex: My parents are going to buy a new car tomorrow.
	A new car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow
- Trong trường hợp, câu chủ động có cả trạng ngữ chỉ nôi chốn và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian. Thì khi chuyển sang câu bị động vị chí sắp xếp các trạng ngữ phải tuân theo quy tắc sau:
 S + be + VP2 + địa điểm + by O + thời gian
Ex: Lan was taken to the park by her mother yesterday morning.
 S be VP2 địa điểm by O thời gian 
	- Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật sự việc thì ta dùng giới từ “With” thay vì dùng “by” trước objects.
	Ex: Smoke filled the room. 
	The room was filled with smoke.
	- Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ thì một trong hai tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động. Tuy nhiên tân ngữ chỉ người được ưu tiên sữ dụng nhiều hơn.
	Ex: I am writing her a letter
	 O1 O2 
	She is being written a letter.
	A letter is being written to her.
 	- Các động từ: ask/ tell/ give/ send/ show/ teach/ pay/ offer... thường có hai tân ngữ. 
	- nếu chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động ở thể phủ định ( no one, nobody, none of... thì khi chuyển sang câu bị động, chúng ta chia động từ bị động ở dạng bị động.
Ex: No one can answer this question.
	This question can’t be answered.
Một số dạng bị động khác
1/ Dạng nhờ bảo: ( Causative form) “ Have / Get/ make”
 Active: S + have + O (người) + bare infinitive + O (người/ vật)
 Passive: S + have + O (vật) + Vp2 + ( by O người )
Ex: 	 - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
	I had my bicycle repaired (by him) yesterday.	
 Active: S + get + O (người) + to infinitive + O (vật)
 Passive: S + get + O (vật) + Vp2 + (by O người )
Ex: 	- I get her to make some coffee.
	 I get some coffee made (by her).
 Active: S + make + O (người) + bare infinitive + O2 (người/ vật)
 Passive: S + be made + to infinitive + O2 + ( by O người )
Ex: 	- He makes this boy clean the car.
	 	 The boy is made to clean the car. 
2/ Động từ chỉ giác quan: (see/ watch/ hear ....) 
 Active: S + verb + O + bare infinitive / V-ing + ...
 Passive: S (OA) + be + Vp2 + to infinitive/ V-ing + ...
Ex:	- They saw her come in.
	She was seen to come in.
3/ Động từ chỉ ý kiến: (say/ think/ believe/ report/ .....)
 Active: S + verb + That + clause ( S2 + V2 + O2) 
 Passive: * It + be + Vp2 + that + clause
 * S2 + be + Vp2 + to infinitive 
 to have Vp2
Ex: 
	- People say that he is a famous doctor.
	 It is said that he is a famous doctor.
	He is said to be a famous doctor.
They thought that Mary had gone away
Marry was thought to have gone away.
It was thought that Marry had gone away.
4/ Câu mệnh lệnh:
a/ 	Active: Verb + O + ...
	Passive: 	Let + O + be Vp2 +....
Ex: 	write your name here.
	Let your name be written here.
b/ 	S + let + O(người) + do + something
	 S(O) + be + let + to do something.
	 S(O) + be + allowed + to do something.
Ex: 	He let me go out
	I was let to go out
	I was allowed to go out.
Bài tập
I/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form.
1. Somebody has taken my briefcase.
2. The teacher returned our written work to us.
3. She had finished her report by soon.
4. The mad dog bit the little boy.
5. The police have arrested five suspects.
6. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest.
7 lightening struck the house.
8. A group of students have met their friends at the rail way station. 
9. They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
10. The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
11. Marry has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
12. This is the second time they have written to us about this.
13. Mr. Smith has taught us French for two year. 
14. They didn’t look after the children properly. 
15. Nobody swept this street last week.
16. People drink a great deal of tea in England.
17. People speak English all over the world.
18. Tom was writing two poems.
19. She often takes her dog for a walk.
20. They can’t make tea with cold water.
21. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plan. 
22. Somebody has taken some of my book away.
23. They will hold the meeting before the May Day.
24. They have to repair the engine of the car.
25. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures.
26. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday.
27. They may use this room for the classroom.
28. The teacher is going to tell a story.
29. Marry is cutting the cake with a sharp knife.
30. The children looked at the women with a red hat.
31. She used to pull my hat over my eyes.
32. For the past years, I have done all my washing by hand.
33. A pair of Robins has built a nest in the porch since last week.
34. The police haven’t found the murderer yet.
35. They sold one of her paintings at $1,000.
36. I will put your gloves back in the drawer. 
37. People speak English in almost every corner of the world.
38You mustn’t use the machine after 5.30 p.m.
39. Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name.
40. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board.
41. You must clean the wall before you paint it.
42. They told the new pupil where to sit.
43. I knew that they had told him of the meeting.
44. Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness.
45. No one believes this story.
46. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam.
47. We must take good care of books borrowed from the library.
48. A man I know told me about it.
49. We can never find him at home for he is always on the move.
50. They use milk for making butter and cheese.
II/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form.
Yes – No questions.
Do they teach English here?
Will you invite her to your wedding party?
Did the teacher give some exercise?
Is she going to write a poem?
Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
Is she making big cake for the party?
Has Tom finished the work?
Are the police making inquires about the thief? 
Must we finish the test before ten?
Will buses bring the children home?
2. Wh – question:
11. When will you do the work?
12. How many days did she spend finishing the work?
13. How do you spend this amount of money?
14. What books are people reading this year?
15. How did the police find the lost man?
16. Who looked after the children for you?
17. How long have they waited for the doctor?
18. What time can the boys hand in their paper?
19. Why didn’t they help him?
20. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?
3. Sentences with verbs “continue and begin”.
21. We’ll continue to use this computer.
22. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantation.
23. People can continue to enjoy natural resources.
24. People will continue to drink coca – cola in the 21st century.
25. American people began to love football.
4. Sentences with phrasal verbs.
26. They gave up the research after three hours.
27. Someone should look into the matter.
28. Don’t speak until someone speak to you.
29. A neighbor is looking after the children.
30. Your story brings back pleasant memories.
5. Sentences with verbs of perception: (giác quan)
31. I have heard her sing that song several times.
32. People saw him steal your car.
33. The teacher is watching them work.
34. He won’t let you do that silly thing again.
35. People don’t make the children work hard.
36. They made him work all day.
37. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag.
38. The terrorists made the hostages lie down.
39. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route.
40. She helps me do all these difficult exercises.
 6. Sentences with “advise, beg, order, urge, agree, decide...”.
41. She advised me to sell that house.
42. They beg us to help them.
43. He orders us to clean the floor.
44. He recommends me to do the job.
45. She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible.
7. Sentences of imperative:
46. Open your book!
47. Take off your hat!
48. Don’t do that silly thing again!
49. Let tell them about it!
50. Don’t let the other see you!]
8. Some special sentences:
51. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut.
52. You need to have you hair cut.
53. You must see it to believe it.
54. John wants someone to take some photographs.
55. We enjoy writing letter.
III. Read the sentences then write another sentences with the same meaning.
It is believe that the wanted man is living in New York.
- The wanted man..............................................................................................................
2. It is said that many people are homeless after the flood.
- Many people...................................................................................................................
3. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.
- The Prime Minister.......................................................................................................
4. It is expected that the government will lose the election.
- The government............................................................................................................
5. It is thought that the prisoner escaped climbing over the wall.
- The prisoner..................................................................................................................
6. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen.
- The thieves....................................................................................................................
7. It is alleged that he drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
- He................................................................................................................................ 
8. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
- Two people...................................................................................................................
9. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
- Three men.....................................................................................................................
10. It is said that he is 108 years old.
- He..................................................................................................................................
11. They rumored the man was still living.
- The man......................................................................................................................... 
12. They declared that she won the competition.
- She................................................................................................................................
13. People believed that13 is an unlucky number.
- Number 13...................................................................................................................
14. They saw that John is the brightest student in class.
- John..............................................................................................................................
15. People believed that the earth stood still.
- The earth......................................................................................................................
III. Change the following sentences into passive voice (5points).
She has to pick fruit very early in the morning.
The house was dirty because she hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
She is taking care of the baby girl.
Children should treat old men with respect.
She was wearing her new T-shirt when I met her yesterday.